正交实验法确定阻垢分散剂药剂成分

拟采用正交实验的方法复配一种有机阻垢分散剂,通过实验方法制备出药剂,在同等温度、pH等条件下,测得对Ca^2+的去除性能。实验表明,在制备条件下,水杨酸钠、单宁、木质素磺酸钠的质量比分别为45%、30%和35%时,去除效果较好。     

优化施氮对河套灌区氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响

以河套灌区盐化潮土为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法和通气法研究了4个施肥处理(不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(CON)、优化处理1(OPT1,减氮53.3%)、优化处理2(OPT2,减氮53.3%+硝化抑制剂))对河套灌区玉米农田氧化亚氮(N_2O-N)排放、氨挥发(NH_3-N)损失和玉米产量的影响.结果表明:氮肥减量显著降低了土壤N_2O-N排放和NH_3-N挥发;相比于CON处理,OPT1处理的N_2O-N排放量和NH_3-N挥发量分别降低了45.2%和68.8%(p0.05),但N_2O-N损失氮素比率增加了9.7%(p0.05).施用硝化抑制剂可显著降低土壤N_2O-N排放,与OPT1处理相比,OPT2处理可降低34.6%(p0.05)的N_2O-N排放和41.5%(p0.05)的N_2O-N损失氮素比率,但NH_3-N挥发增加了47.5%(p0.05).OPT1处理显著降低了玉米产量,降幅达22.1%(p0.05),而OPT2处理相对于OPT1处理增产32.9%(p0.05),与传统施肥处理无差异.因此,综合N_2O-N排放、NH_3-N挥发及玉米产量可知,OPT2是较为合理的施肥措施,值得在河套灌区推广.     

二氧化碳驱油工艺中油酸咪唑啉对碳钢的缓蚀行为研究

目的 研究CO2驱油工艺中咪唑啉缓蚀剂对油套管P110钢腐蚀的缓蚀机制与规律。方法 模拟长庆油田CO2驱工艺环境为实验条件,采用失重挂片、电化学测试、微观表征等手段,研究油酸咪唑啉缓蚀剂对P110碳钢的腐蚀抑制行为。结果 P110钢的腐蚀速度随着CO2分压的升高而增大,但是增大幅度不明显。当CO2分压为2、6 MPa时,油酸咪唑啉对P110钢腐蚀具有显著的抑制效果,缓蚀效率均超过98%,试片表面基本完整;当CO2分压升高到8 MPa时,油酸咪唑啉的缓蚀性能明显下降,缓蚀效率仅为64.33%,试片表面存在明显的腐蚀特征。结论 CO2分压升高到8 MPa时,P110钢表面携带过剩的正电荷,不利于油酸咪唑啉缓蚀剂的吸附。     

Selective sorptive removal of Methyl Red from individual and binary component solutions by mesoporous organosilicas of MCM-41 type

Organosilicas with chemically immobilized 3-aminopropyl and Methyl Red-containing surface groups were prepared by sol-gel condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in the presence of dye as part of the mixed micelles or dye-containing silane as silica source. The hexagonally arranged mesoporous structure of synthesized materials was confirmed by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, x-ray diffraction, and TEM studies. Chemical composition of MCM-41-type organosilicas was established by FT-IR spectroscopy and chemical analysis of surface layer. Sorption of Methyl Red by organosilicas was studied from diluted phosphate buffer solutions in dependence of medium pH, duration of contact, and equilibrium concentration of dye. It was found that effective removal of Methyl Red takes place at pH values within a range of 2.5?5. Kinetic curves of Methyl Red sorption on organosilicas were analyzed by the Lagergren, Ho-McKey, and Weber-Morris kinetic models. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model fits the kinetics of Methyl Red sorption on all synthesized materials and the intraparticle diffusion is not the only one mechanism controlling the rate of Methyl Red sorptive removal. The parameters of equilibrium sorption of Methyl Red on organosilicas of MCM-41 type were calculated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller models. Sorption of acid dyes with geometry similar or substantially different from Methyl Red on mesoporous silicas was studied from single and binary component mixtures in aqueous solutions with pH 4.8 and 5.5. It was found that selective sorption process is highly dependent on the structural characteristics and protolytic state of silica surface as well as acid dye.     

Experimental study on biomass advanced reburning for nitrogen oxides reduction

Advanced reburning (AR) is effective for nitrogen oxides (NO_x) reduction, which integrates the basic reburning (BR) with the injection of nitrogen agents and additive compounds. The basic reburning of poplar, cornstalk, wheat-straw and peanut shell, is studied on a boiler simulator facility (BSF). The influence of operating parameters and the synergistic effect of the injection of ammonia, urea or/and sodium carbonate on NO_x reduction are investigated. The results show that an efficiency of 54–67% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the basic reburning process under the optimum operating conditions and the efficiency would be increased if nitrogen agent is injected with the over-fire air or into the burnout zone. Further, co-injection of sodium carbonate with the nitrogen agent could make the NO_x reduction process more thorough. On the whole, 85–92% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the advanced reburning process with a reburning fuel heat input of 15–20%.     

The issue of sustainability and disclosure. A case study of selective garbage collection by the Urban Cleaning Service of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - COMLURB

The Urban Cleaning Company of the City of Rio de Janeiro - COMLURB launched the Recycling Separation Center Project (Projeto Central de Separação de Recicláveis or CSR) in 2003. The objectives of the project were the adequate disposal of solid urban waste as well as the generation of employment and income. The COMLURB Project had economic, environmental and social facets, and the researchers sought to establish whether COMLURB had prepared reports that would enable evaluation of the investment made and the results obtained. In particular, the researchers sought to establish whether COMLURB financial statements set out the results of actions inherent to the CSR. We concluded from our analysis of the Project that the three elements of sustainability (social, environmental and economic), despite being fully present, were not adequately demonstrated. This study therefore proposes a model report with a view to enabling various information users to evaluate the results of the CSR Project.     

可燃物爆炸抑制的研究现状及发展

从实验研究、数值模拟和微观反应机理三个方面概括总结了近年来可燃物爆炸抑制的研究现状,总结了现阶段的研究成果,指出了研究中存在的不足。实验研究主要涉及卤代烃、水、干粉这三种抑制剂,研究了这三种抑制剂的制效果及优缺点;理论计算主要阐述爆炸及其抑制的反应特性、反应机理,现阶段的理论研究以宏观反应机理为主,缺乏对爆炸及其抑制的微观机理的研究,对爆炸及其抑制的本质认识不够。基于以上原因,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

缓蚀剂在流动条件下的缓蚀性能研究进展

为了延长管道寿命、降低生产成本,在油气集输过程中往往会添加缓蚀剂抑制管道的内腐蚀,但流动条件下的缓蚀剂性能并不理想。简要介绍了有机缓蚀剂的作用机理以及研究缓蚀性能的常用方法,对砂、流速、流型、油相等因素对缓蚀性能的影响和作用机理进行了综述和讨论,并对以后的研究方向做了展望。     

3-(吗啉基甲基)-苯并噻唑-2-硫酮的合成与缓蚀性能

目的研究3-(吗啉基甲基)-苯并噻唑-2-硫酮(MLMBT)的缓蚀性能。方法在微波辐照下用2-巯基苯并噻唑、甲醛和吗啡啉合成了MLMBT,采用失重法和动电位极化曲线测试了其缓蚀性能,利用分子动力学模拟方法探讨了其在Fe表面的吸附作用。结果该缓蚀剂能有效抑制N80钢CO2腐蚀,属于混合型缓蚀剂。在90℃和其加量为0.5 g/L时,能使腐蚀速率从0.3691 g/(m2·h)降低到0.1048 g/(m2·h)。其分子中最高占据轨道(HOMO)的电荷主要分布在分子中的N,S原子上,而其最低空轨道(LUMO)的电荷则主要分布在巯基苯并噻唑环上,当其在N80钢表面发生吸附时,分子中的巯基苯并噻唑环和吗啉基处于同一平面而同时平行吸附。结论分子动力学模拟结果从微观角度验证了MLMBT具有良好缓蚀性能,与失重法和电化学测试结果一致。     

铅离子印迹电化学传感器的制备及检测性能研究

重金属因其具有高毒性、致癌性和潜在的生物积累性，引发的环境问题受到广泛关注。为精确监测环境中的重金属污染，结合电化学分析和离子印迹技术的优势，构筑了对铅离子的高灵敏电化学传感器。利用铅离子作为模板，采用3-（γ-氨基乙氨基）-丙基-三甲基硅烷作为功能单体，在介孔硅表面，通过共缩聚法制备了离子印迹聚合物，并将其作为电化学传感器的核心识别元件。经过优化碳糊电极的组成，制备了一系列高选择性的离子印迹电化学传感器，并对其电化学行为进行了分析。测试结果表明，所制传感器对铅离子的检测线性范围为10^-9～10^-6 mol/L，且检出限达到1.3×10^-11mol/L（信噪比=3）。在对河水和大米等实际样品的检测中，传感器展现了高灵敏性（相对标准偏差为2.5%～7.4%）和高准确性（回收率为98.8%～102.9%），表明其在环境监测和食品安全检测方面具有应用潜力。